News
In cooperation with Reuters News and Reuters Health, we are proud to provide you with our continuously updated news feed. We select news that applies to physicians in all the major clinical specialties, as well as on finance, science, technology, and other areas.
REFILE-Medical treatment likely bests endovascular therapy for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis
(Changes "ICAD" to "ICAS" in para 3 of Sept. 9 story.) By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - In patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS), endovascular therapy (
REFILE-Life-prolonging cancer treatments should continue: ESMO
(Corrects spelling of Herceptin in para 3 of July 31 story.) By Reuters Staff (Reuters Health) - In most cases, cancer treatment that improves a patient's odds of survival should not be stopped or
OTC cognitive supplements may contain multiple unapproved drugs
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Over-the-counter supplements promoted as brain boosters may contain a variety of unapproved drugs in doses and combinations that could be harmful, a new study finds
Statins tied to lower risk of severe COVID-19, shorter recovery times
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 may have a lower risk of severe disease and faster recovery times if they were taking statins prior to admission, a new study
Low-dose zinc effective against acute childhood diarrhea
By Gene Emery (Reuters Health) - Doctors who use zinc to treat children for acute diarrhea can throttle back on the recommended dose and may, in the process, prevent the vomiting that can accompany
Ertugliflozin passes post-approval cardiovascular safety test
By Gene Emery (Reuters Health) - Oral ertugliflozin, approved in December 2017 as a therapy for type 2 diabetes, shows no signs of producing major cardiovascular problems and appears to reduce
Genetic testing may miss epivariants that contribute to disease
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Standard DNA-based genetic testing could miss epigenetic variants linked to disease, researchers say. "Often patients who appear to have a genetic
Supportive care suffices for most children with COVID-19, new guidance suggests
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Supportive care is sufficient to treat the majority of children with COVID-19, since most will be only mildly ill, an expert pediatric infectious
UPDATE 1-J&J kicks off study of single-shot COVID-19 vaccine in 60,000 volunteers
(Recasts first paragraph, adds details on second, two-dose study) By Julie Steenhuysen CHICAGO (Reuters) - Johnson & Johnson on Wednesday began a 60,000-person trial of an experimental single-shot
It may take several tries to find right COVID-19 vaccine, PAHO director says
By Julia Symmes Cobb BOGOTA (Reuters) - It may take several tries to find the right vaccine for COVID-19, the Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) director Carissa Etienne said on Wednesday, as
FOCUS-Positive about flying? Airlines look to COVID tests that give results in minutes
By John Miller and Emilio Parodi ZURICH/MILAN (Reuters) - European airlines are pinning hopes on pre-flight COVID-19 tests that deliver results as fast as pregnancy tests to help restore passengers'
Most Americans to be vaccinated for COVID-19 by July, CDC chief expects
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - A top U.S. health official told a U.S. Senate committee on Wednesday that he expects COVID-19 vaccinations to take place over many months and that most Americans could be
UPDATE 1-UK to host 'human challenge' trials for COVID-19 vaccines - FT
(Adds statements from Imperial College London and 1Day Sooner) By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Britain will host clinical trials where volunteers are deliberately infected with the new coronavirus to
J&J kicks off final study of single-shot COVID-19 vaccine in 60,000 volunteers
By Julie Steenhuysen CHICAGO (Reuters) - Johnson & Johnson on Wednesday kicked off a final 60,000-person trial of a single-shot COVID-19 vaccine that potentially would simplify distribution of
Madrid pleads for more doctors, police as coronavirus cases surge
By Reuters Staff MADRID (Reuters) - Authorities in Spain's Madrid region on Wednesday requested urgent help to hire hundreds of foreign doctors and reinforce police, as they mulled widening a partial
Novartis faces delay after FDA asks for another Zolgensma study
By John Miller ZURICH (Reuters) - Novartis's bid to expand its $2.1 million-per-patient gene therapy Zolgensma to more spinal muscular atrophy patients faces a possible delay after U.S. regulators
German doctor held on suspicion of drugging, raping patients -media report
By Reuters Staff BIELEFELD, Germany (Reuters) - A hospital doctor in Germany has been arrested on suspicion of sedating women who had come to him for an MRT scan, and then filming himself raping them,
Roche Alzheimer's drug fails, joining long list of trial flops
By Reuters Staff ZURICH (Reuters) - An experimental Alzheimer's drug from Roche and AC Immune failed to slow cognitive and functional decline in a trial, the Swiss companies said on Wednesday, in a
Treatment times of acute STEMI have increased with COVID-19 pandemic
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Times to treatment and mortality of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,
Proton-pump inhibitors may reduce benefits of atezolizumab in urothelial carcinoma
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) is associated with worse overall survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with the immune-checkpoint
Bicuspid-aortic-valve repair shows long-term efficacy
By Reuters Staff NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A large proportion of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) repairs using a modified anatomy-based technique remain stable and lead to excellent long-term survival,
Depression and anxiety are biochemically different
By Megan Brooks NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Depression and anxiety share similar symptoms and risk factors, often co-occur and are therefore assumed to be closely related. But for the first time a
U.S. FDA to tighten coronavirus vaccine authorization standards ahead of election -paper
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is expected to soon announce new, more stringent standards for an emergency authorization of a COVID-19 vaccine, lowering the chances
UK to host 'human challenge' trials for COVID-19 vaccines - FT
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Britain will host clinical trials where volunteers are deliberately infected with the new coronavirus to test the effectiveness of vaccine candidates, the Financial Times
Violence mounts against Iraqi doctors as COVID cases spike
By Amina Ismail NAJAF, Iraq (Reuters) - Iraqi doctor Tariq Al-Sheibani remembers little else beyond cowering on the ground as a dozen relatives of a patient, who had just died of COVID-19, beat him
Cytotoxic T cell therapy might be possible in COVID-19
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Cytotoxic T cell therapy may be feasible in patients with COVID-19 despite a potential hurdle, researchers say. The approach involves treating critically ill COVID-19
COVID-19 reinfections occur, but remain rare
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Another case of reinfection after recovery from COVID-19 has been reported, this time in a healthy young military healthcare provider at a U.S. Department of Defense
Most SARS-CoV-2 infections are symptomatic, study suggests
By Linda Carroll (Reuters Health) - Among those infected with SARS-CoV-2, only a minority will be asymptomatic, Swiss researchers say. In a systematic review that included nearly 80 studies of people
Non-physicians may optimize heart failure drugs remotely
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Remote optimization of drugs for heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) could support implementation of guideline-directed medical
Weekly insulin icodec is as effective as daily glargine in type 2 diabetics
By Reuters Staff (Reuters Health) - A 26-week phase 2 trial of insulin icodec has concluded that the experimental weekly therapy works as well and is just as safe for patients with type 2 diabetes as
Weekly insulin icodec is as effective as daily glargine in type 2 diabetics
By Reuters Staff (Reuters Health) - A 26-week phase 2 trial of insulin icodec has concluded that the experimental weekly therapy works as well and is just as safe for patients with type 2 diabetes as
Night-to-night variability in respiratory events among apnea patients
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Individual patients with obstructive sleep apnea may experience considerable night-to-night variability in respiratory events, a recent meta-analysis suggests.
U.S. health agency sets Oct. 16 deadline for states to submit vaccine plans
By Julie Steenhuysen and Manojna Maddipatla (Reuters) - The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Tuesday set an Oct. 16 deadline for states to submit plans for distributing COVID-
Low-dose glucocorticoids for rheumatoid arthritis may still carry some risk of serious infections
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Even low-dose glucocorticoid treatment is associated with an increased risk of serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to a
Severe COVID-19 less common in patients with GI symptoms
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - People with gastrointestinal symptoms related to the new coronavirus, like diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, may be significantly less likely to develop severe COVID-19 and
Antibody-binding might not neutralize SARS-CoV-2
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - The spike protein on the surface of the new coronavirus helps it invade cells, and some antibodies being tested as treatments work by attaching to the spike and disabling
Tool sorts hospitalized COVID-19 patients by risk
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - A simple 21-point scoring system helps assign hospitalized COVID-19 patients to different risk groups, UK researchers reported in The BMJ. The score takes 8 factors into
Previous COVID-19 not linked with childbirth complications
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - For otherwise healthy women giving birth, previous exposure to the novel coronavirus appears not to impact labor and delivery, a new study suggests. From early April to
Shortage of naive T cells raises COVID-19 risk in elderly
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - A lower supply of a certain type of immune cell in older people that is critical to fighting foreign invaders may help explain their vulnerability to severe COVID-19,
Povidone-iodine nasal spray may help limit coronavirus spread
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - An antiseptic nasal spray containing povidone-iodine may help curb transmission of the new coronavirus, preliminary research suggests. In test tube experiments,
Not all COVID-19 antibody tests are equal
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Some COVID-19 antibody tests are much more reliable than others. But even with the best ones, reliability varies among patient subgroups, a new study suggests. In a study
COVID-19 has disrupted cancer care, particularly among minority groups
By Megan Brooks NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant disruptions in routine cancer care, especially among racial and ethnic minority groups, according to the COVID-
Corneal-cell injection ongoing success in bullous keratopathy
By Reuters Staff NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Most patients who underwent injection of cultured human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) more than five years ago because of corneal endothelial failure
Gestational age at birth linked to brain volume at age 10
By Anne Harding NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Gestational age at birth (GAB) is associated with brain morphometry at 10 years of age, even for children delivered at term, new findings show. "The longer
Transthoracic echocardiography feasible during prone-position ventilation
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A few modifications in technique make it possible to perform transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) during prone position ventilation, researchers in Mexico
Cough syrups' sweetness, viscosity drive their effectiveness
By Anne Harding NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Over-the-counter cough medicines help ease cough due to the common cold because they're sweet and viscous, not because they contain active ingredients like
Longer treatment delays, worse outcomes for in-hospital ischemic stroke
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Times to reperfusion are longer and functional outcomes worse for patients with in-hospital ischemic stroke, compared with those having out-of-hospital
Macron says France must not lock up elderly in nursing homes as COVID-19 cases rise
By Reuters Staff PARIS (Reuters) - France must do everything possible to avoid locking up elderly people in nursing homes to protect them from a resurgence in coronavirus infections nationwide,
'We do our best': fuel shortages make Yemen doctors' lives even harder
By Reuters Staff SANAA (Reuters) - In the Yemeni capital Sanaa, Mohammed al-Ghazaaly's kidney dialysis machine often cuts out due to an escalating fuel shortage in the country's north. When the
EXCLUSIVE-'We're confident': Russia to share legal risks of COVID-19 vaccine
By Polina Ivanova and Anthony Boadle MOSCOW/BRASILIA (Reuters) - Russia is so confident in its COVID-19 vaccine that it will shoulder some of the legal liability should anything go wrong, rather than
COVID-19 vaccine makers see EU shield against side-effect claims
By Francesco Guarascio BRUSSELS (Reuters) - Vaccine makers will be indemnified in Europe if their COVID-19 shots cause unexpected side-effects, an industry official said on Tuesday, urging European
COVID 'firepower': Britain imposes 6-month curbs against second wave
By Guy Faulconbridge and Kate Holton LONDON (Reuters) - British Prime Minister Boris Johnson told people on Tuesday to work from home where possible and ordered bars and restaurants to close early to
Get serious! Careless French public riles COVID medics
By Yiming Woo MARSEILLE, France (Reuters) - David Fleyrat had almost cleared his Marseille hospital's intensive care ward of COVID-19 patients during the summer lull in new cases. Now the private unit
'Less is more' in updated VA/DoD lipid clinical guideline
By Reuters Staff NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - An updated clinical practice guideline for managing lipid levels from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) recommends
Avelumab shows survival benefit against advanced urothelial cancer
By Reuters Staff (Reuters Health) - Adding avelumab to the best supportive care as maintenance therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer can significantly extend overall survival by 31% and
Relative age effect may skew ADHD diagnosis, treatment in young children
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - In Finland, the youngest children in a classroom are more likely to receive medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than their
U.S. Black women with breast cancer face delayed, longer-lasting treatment
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Black women diagnosed with breast cancer in the U.S. are more likely to experience delayed treatment initiation and prolonged treatment duration that white women, a
Smartphone app iCanQuit effective as smoking cessation aid
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - A head-to-head clinical trial of two smoking cessation smartphone applications found that an app based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) was more effective
Later receipt of gender-affirming care for youth linked to worse mental health
By Linda Carroll (Reuters Health) - Worse mental health may result when gender incongruent youth seek gender affirming care at an older age and a later stage of puberty, a new Canadian study suggests.
ERAS approach to cesarean delivery linked to less opioid use, length of stay, costs
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Using the evidence-based enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for cesarean delivery was associated with decreased opioid use, shorter length of
UPDATE 2-U.S. CDC takes down coronavirus airborne transmission guidance
(Adds comment from WHO official, background) By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Monday took down its guidance warning on possible airborne
UPDATE 1-CDC takes down warning on airborne spread
(Updates with current CDC guidance) By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said on Monday it had posted guidance on possible transmission of the new
More than 150 nations join WHO-led global plan for COVID vaccines
By Stephanie Nebehay and Kate Kelland GENEVA/LONDON (Reuters) - A total of 156 countries have joined the global COVAX scheme intended to ensure fair distribution of supplies of future vaccines against
WHO says no change to COVID-19 transmission guidance after U.S. change
By Reuters Staff LONDON (Reuters) - The World Health Organization has not changed its policy on aerosol transmission of the coronavirus, an official said on Monday after U.S. health officials updated
UPDATE 1-More nurses allowed to leave as Philippines eases travel ban
(Recasts story originally published Sept. 17, adds reaction from nursing groups, workers) By Karen Lema MANILA (Reuters) - More than a thousand Philippine health workers will finally be allowed to
U.S. sets record with over 1 million coronavirus tests in a day
By Lisa Shumaker (Reuters) - The United States set a one-day record with over 1 million coronavirus diagnostic tests being performed, but the country needs 6 million to 10 million a day to bring
Royal Caribbean, Norwegian Cruise submit health protocols to CDC looking to set sail again
By Nivedita Balu and Helen Coster (Reuters) - Hoping to set sail again after a long halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Royal Caribbean Group and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd said on Monday they
U.S. CDC says coronavirus could spread through air
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has warned that COVID-19 could spread through airborne particles that can remain suspended in the air and travel beyond
Liquid biopsy might help detect, manage liver cancer in the future
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Liquid biopsy could someday be useful for the early detection and clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), according to a new review.
Severe donor obesity does not worsen heart-transplant outcomes
By Reuters Staff NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Transplantation of hearts from severely obese donors is not associated with worse post-transplant outcomes than when hearts from slimmer people are used,
Hydration guided by urine flow rate better for preventing contrast-associated acute kidney injury
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Urine flow rate (UFR)-guided hydration using the RenalGuard system is better than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)-guided hydration for
Epidemiologist named new Czech health minister as COVID-19 cases surge
By Jason Hovet PRAGUE (Reuters) - Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babis nominated a top epidemiologist to become health minister on Monday after the previous minister quit over a sharp rise in COVID-19
Bristol Myers' Opdivo with Exelixis drug cuts kidney cancer death risk -study
By Michael Erman NEW YORK (Reuters) - Bristol Myers Squibb Co's cancer immunotherapy Opdivo in combination with Exelixis Inc's Cabometyx reduced the risk of death by 40% in previously untreated
EXCLUSIVE-Study suggests dengue may provide some immunity against COVID-19
By Pedro Fonseca RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - A new study that analyzed the coronavirus outbreak in Brazil has found a link between the spread of the virus and past outbreaks of dengue fever that
EU agency recommends AstraZeneca-Merck drug Lynparza for two cancers
By Aakash B and Pushkala Aripaka (Reuters) - The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended approval for Lynparza in patients with a form of prostate cancer and as a first-line maintenance
Immunomedics drug Trodelvy extends survival in breast cancer patients
By Manojna Maddipatla (Reuters) - Immunomedics Inc's cancer drug Trodelvy, which received accelerated U.S. regulatory approval in April, extended survival time in previously treated patients with an
Amgen drug shrinks tumors in lung cancer patients with KRAS gene mutation -study
By Deena Beasley (Reuters) - An experimental Amgen Inc drug that targets a specific genetic mutation shrank tumors in 32% of advanced lung cancer patients and 7% of those with colon cancer, according
AstraZeneca says Tagrisso shown to slow lung cancer spreading to brain
By Reuters Staff FRANKFURT (Reuters) - AstraZeneca's top-selling drug Tagrisso has been shown to slow the spread of a certain type of lung cancer to the brain when diagnosed at an early stage, the
Aspirin tied to higher risk of advanced cancer diagnosis and mortality
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Older adults who take daily low-dose aspirin may be more likely than those who don't to be diagnosed with advanced cancers and to die from these malignancies, a
Geriatric co-management tied to lower mortality after cancer surgery
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - Patients aged 75 and older who undergo cancer surgery have lower 90-day postoperative mortality when they receive geriatric co-management than when they don't, a
If you do not snooze you lose: sleep seen as essential for the brain
By Will Dunham WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Scientists are providing a fuller understanding of the essential role that sleep plays in brain health, identifying an abrupt transition at about 2.4 years of age
More U.S. youth with commercial insurance getting HPV vaccination
By Lisa Rapaport (Reuters Health) - While a growing number of U.S. children with commercial insurance are getting the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, inoculation rates remain below target levels,
COVID-19 can mimic acute stoneless gallbladder attack
By Marilynn Larkin NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Two case reports from Switzerland show that COVID-19 can mimic acalculous acute cholecystitis and is associated with SARS-CoV-2 in the gallbladder wall.
Most teens, parents, clinicians OK with gender identity screening during wellness visits - pilot study
By Linda Carroll (Reuters Health) - When questions about gender were added to the standard pre-visit questionnaire for adolescent wellness visits at a Northern California healthcare network, the
U.S. reverses COVID-19 testing guidance again: exposed without symptoms need tests
By Carl O'Donnell and Manas Mishra (Reuters) - The Trump administration reversed guidance Friday on COVID-19 testing for a second time, urging those exposed to people with the virus to get tested even
Drinking alcohol may raise risk of high blood pressure in adults with diabetes
By Carolyn Crist (Reuters Health) - Drinking eight or more alcoholic beverages in a week could increase the risk of hypertension in adults who have type 2 diabetes, researchers have found. And the
Just 6% of UK population has COVID-19 antibodies - government scientific advisers
By Reuters Staff LONDON (Reuters) - Scientific advisers told the British government earlier this month that just 6% of the United Kingdom's population had antibodies to COVID-19, according to minutes
High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Massachusetts community
By Reuters Staff NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Nearly a third of residents tested in one Massachusetts community were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, researchers report. Antibody testing allows
Stereotactic radiosurgery appears to benefit both older and younger patients with brain metastases
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) provides similar overall survival in patients older and younger than 75 years who have brain metastases from lung cancer,
Narrowband UVB for vitiligo linked to lower fracture risk
By Anne Harding NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Vitiligo patients who receive long-term narrowband UVB phototherapy are at lower risk of major osteoporotic fractures, new research shows. "Systemic
Study suggests new targets for noninvasive brain stimulation to treat insomnia
By Scott Baltic NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Three specific brain regions - the bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and left superior temporal gyrus
Blood pressure often normalizes in kids diagnosed with hypertension
By Will Boggs MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - More than half of children initially meeting criteria for hypertension or elevated blood pressure subsequently have normal blood pressure levels, but many
Listening to Mozart may calm the epileptic brain, meta-analysis confirms
By Megan Brooks NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Listening to Mozart may help reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures, an updated meta-analysis confirms. The "highly consistent" results suggest that
Epiretinal membrane may cause patients to close one eye to see better
By David Douglas NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Patients with epiretinal membranes often close one eye to improve vision and this may impact their quality of life, according to a new record review. "
UPDATE 1-EU regulator backs dexamethasone as COVID-19 treatment
(Recasts, adds details on drug, background) By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Europe's healthcare regulator has endorsed using dexamethasone to treat COVID-19 patients with breathing difficulties, paving
Roche gets key European panel recommendation for liver cancer cocktail
By Reuters Staff ZURICH (Reuters) - Swiss drugmaker Roche on Friday got a positive recommendation from a key European panel for its immunotherapy Tecentriq mixed with Avastin against liver cancer,
Prosecutors open homicide case after hacker attack on German hospital
By Reuters Staff DUESSELDORF (Reuters) - German prosecutors opened a homicide investigation on Friday into the case of a patient who died after a hospital in the western city of Duesseldorf was unable
U.N. food chief urges Bezos, other billionaires to step up to help world's starving
By Reuters Staff UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) - U.N. food chief David Beasley called on the world's billionaires on Thursday to step up to help save some 30 million people he said are at risk of dying if
90-minute British DnaNudge COVID-19 test is accurate, Lancet study finds
By Reuters Staff LONDON (Reuters) - A British COVID-19 test known as DnaNudge that gives results in just over an hour and which requires no laboratory was accurate in almost all cases, an academic
U.S. CDC testing guidance was published against scientists' objections -NYT
By Reuters Staff (Reuters) - Guidance about novel coronavirus testing posted last month on the website of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was not written by the agency's
